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Lovelock's experiments were covered in an interview with YouTuber Tom Scott in May 2021, discussing the possibility that Lovelock may have accidentally invented the tabletop microwave oven, humorously discovering that he could bake a potato in his magnetron based emitter while conducting these experiments. The results were influential in the theories of cryonics. Other organs were shown to be susceptible to damage. Hamsters were frozen with 60% of the water in the brain crystallized into ice with no adverse effects recorded. In the mid-1950s, Lovelock experimented with the cryopreservation of rodents, determining that hamsters could be frozen and revived successfully. In the United States, he has conducted research at Yale, Baylor College of Medicine, and Harvard University. He spent the next two decades working at London's National Institute for Medical Research. In 1948, Lovelock received a PhD degree in medicine at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He later abandoned his conscientious objection in the light of Nazi atrocities, and tried to enlist in the armed forces, but was told that his medical research was too valuable for the enlistment to be approved. His student status enabled temporary deferment of military service during the Second World War, but he registered as a conscientious objector.

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Lovelock refused to use the shaved and anaesthetised rabbits that were used as burn victims, and exposed his own skin to heat radiation instead, an experience he describes as 'exquisitely painful'. Lovelock worked at a Quaker farm before a recommendation from his professor led to him taking up a Medical Research Council post, working on ways of shielding soldiers from burns. Career Īfter leaving school Lovelock worked at a photography firm, attending Birkbeck College during the evenings, before being accepted to study chemistry at the University of Manchester, where he was a student of the Nobel Prize laureate Professor Alexander Todd. Lovelock could not at first afford to go to university, something which he believes helped prevent him becoming overspecialised and aided the development of Gaia theory.

The family moved to London, where his dislike of authority made him, by his own account, an unhappy pupil at Strand School. Lovelock was brought up a Quaker and indoctrinated with the notion that 'God is a still, small voice within rather than some mysterious old gentleman way out in the universe', which he thinks is a helpful way of thinking for inventors, but would eventually end up as being non-religious. His father, Tom, had served six months hard labour for poaching in his teens and was illiterate until attending technical college, and later ran a book shop. Nell, his mother, won a scholarship to a grammar school but was unable to take it up, and started work at 13 in a pickle factory.

James Lovelock was born in Letchworth Garden City to Tom Arthur Lovelock (1873–1957) and his second wife Nellie Annie Elizabeth née March (1887–1980). He has written several environmental science books based upon the Gaia hypothesis since the late 1970s. He has been an outspoken member of Environmentalists for Nuclear, asserting that fossil fuel interests have been behind opposition to nuclear energy, citing the effects of carbon dioxide as being harmful to the environment, and warning of global warming due to the greenhouse effect. In the 2000s, he proposed a method of climate engineering to restore carbon dioxide-consuming algae. While designing scientific instruments for NASA, he developed the Gaia hypothesis. He invented the electron capture detector, and using it, became the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. His methods were influential in the theories of cryonics (the cryopreservation of humans). With a PhD in medicine, Lovelock began his career performing cryopreservation experiments on rodents, including successfully thawing frozen specimens. He is best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the Earth functions as a self-regulating system. James Ephraim Lovelock CH CBE FRS (born 26 July 1919) is a British independent scientist, environmentalist and futurist. The properties and use of aliphatic and hydroxy carboxylic acids in aerial disinfection (1947)

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